<strong>Types of legal laws in energy security in a globalized world</strong>

International law laws regarding energy security in a globalizing world are rules, principles and mechanisms that try to regulate the process that ensures the integration of energy resources, consumers and markets on a global scale and makes the energy sector a complex system affected by environmental, social, political and economic factors. These laws aim to promote cooperation, solidarity, harmony and solution among countries to ensure energy security, defined as the continuity, suitability, quality and affordability of energy supply. In a globalizing world, international law on energy security has a multi-layered and dynamic structure consisting of different levels and sources. These laws can be classified as follows:

-Regional international agreements and organizations are documents and institutions that regulate energy cooperation in certain geographical regions. For example, European Union, European Energy Community Treaty, European Energy Charter Treaty, OPEC, IRENA etc.

-Specialized international treaties and organizations are documents and institutions that address specific types of energy or aspects of energy security. For example, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Kyoto Protocol, etc [4, p.100].

-Bilateral international treaties and agreements are documents that regulate energy relations between two countries or groups of countries. For example, agreements on issues such as energy transit, supply, investment, taxation, dispute resolution.

<strong>Legal impact on energy security in a globalizing world</strong>

International agreements and contracts play an important role in ensuring energy security in a globalized world, and have important legal implications for relations between states and companies involved in the energy sector. The complex nature of this influence is manifested in the regulation of multilateral relations, as well as in the determination of principles aimed at ensuring the stability and reliability of energy supply in the context of global interdependence. International energy agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement are important regulatory instruments aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the transition to sustainable energy sources. These documents set obligations for states to limit harmful environmental impacts and promote the development of joint projects in the field of renewable energy, thereby forming a legal framework for global efforts to combat climate change. On the other hand, multilateral energy agreements between countries, firms and international organizations are the main instruments to ensure the stability of the energy market. They define delivery terms, tariffs, transit routes and even technological standards, which create a regulatory framework for international cooperation and ensure legal predictability for market participants [10, p.152]. Amidst geopolitical tensions, energy security should be given special attention as many countries try to diversify their energy sources to reduce dependence on individual suppliers. This often leads to the signing of long-term energy supply contracts to ensure security of supply and strengthen economic security. However, international agreements and treaties can also face challenges arising from the diversity of legal systems, national interests and domestic politics. Resolving potential conflicts requires a high degree of diplomatic and legal skills to balance the interests of the parties and maintain compliance with the generally accepted rules of international law.

In the globalized world, the national energy policy and relevant legislation are of fundamental importance for ensuring the energy security of the state, at the same time, their influence goes beyond national borders, forming a complex environment of interaction in the global energy arena. In modern conditions, they become an important tool for the regulation and management of energy resources, affecting not only domestic aspects of energy, but also global economic and political relations. National energy policy and legislation are tools countries use to ensure energy security. National energy policy and legislation determine the conditions for the countries to benefit from energy resources, the right to choose between different energy sources and the authority to decide on the overall structure of energy supply. National energy policy and legislation also supports countries' adaptation to the global energy environment, energy cooperation and solidarity, security of energy supply, energy efficiency, renewable energy, combating climate change, and energy research and innovation. The legal impact of national energy policy and legislation on energy security can be expressed as the rules, standards, sanctions and incentives that regulate the energy sector of countries. National energy policy and legislation affect the operation, performance, competitiveness and sustainability of the energy sector. National energy policy and legislation also ensure compliance of the energy sector with international law, agreements, institutions and mechanisms [5, p.89]. In a globalized world, the legal impact of national energy policy and legislation on energy security creates both opportunities and challenges. The opportunities increase the global coverage of energy resources, markets and technologies, energy cooperation and solidarity, energy efficiency and renewable energy potential, climate change opportunities, and energy research and innovation opportunities.

Globally, national energy policies and related legislation play an important role in shaping and ensuring energy security, directly affecting states, corporations, and ordinary citizens. Modern national energy strategies and laws establish mechanisms to regulate energy production, distribution and consumption that pursue the goals of sustainability, efficiency and compliance with environmental standards [7, p.100]. National energy regulations are closely related to global challenges such as climate change. Many countries are introducing laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage the transition to renewable energy sources. This puts pressure on energy companies to innovate and move towards more sustainable technologies, which can ultimately help reduce the global carbon footprint. Government energy policy directly affects corporate energy strategies and investment decisions. Tariff regulation, taxation, and incentives for clean technology development shape energy infrastructure decisions and investment priorities.

<strong>Legal strategies for energy security in a globalizing world</strong>

Legal strategies for energy security can focus on three key areas: security of energy supply, energy market integration, and energy efficiency and renewable energy. Some legal steps that need to be taken in these areas are:

- Energy supply security - In order to prevent the energy supply from being interrupted or reduced, legal measures such as diversifying energy sources and routes, increasing energy storage and emergency planning capacity, protecting and strengthening the energy infrastructure, creating cooperation and solidarity mechanisms between energy suppliers and consumers, and conducting energy diplomacy are required. precautions can be taken. For example, the European Union (EU) is implementing the Energy Union Strategy to ensure energy supply security. This strategy includes five main goals such as diversification of energy resources, modernization of energy infrastructure, energy solidarity and security, completion of the energy market, energy efficiency and climate policies.

- Energy market integration: In order for the energy market to be competitive, transparent, fair and efficient, legal reforms such as regulation, liberalization, supervision and integration of the energy market at regional and global levels can be made [9, p.204]. These reforms can provide benefits such as reducing energy prices, facilitating energy trade, encouraging energy investments, and increasing energy supply security.

- Energy efficiency and renewable energy: Regulations such as legal incentives, targets, standards, obligations, support mechanisms can be introduced to reduce energy demand, make energy resources sustainable, combat climate change, and increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use. These regulations can contribute to energy savings, reduction of energy costs, domestic and clean energy production, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the EU has created the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy. This framework has set binding targets such as 32.5% energy efficiency in energy consumption, 32% renewable energy share in energy production, and 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions [2, p.173].

<strong>Energy infrastructure development - legal barriers and opportunities</strong>

Energy infrastructure is the physical and technological systems that cover the production, transmission, distribution and consumption processes of energy resources. The development of energy infrastructure is important for energy security, efficiency, sustainability and accessibility. In a globalizing world, the development of energy infrastructure faces both legal obstacles and opportunities. Legal obstacles to the development of energy infrastructure can be listed as follows:

- The development of energy infrastructure is a costly, long-term and complex process. This process requires coordination, cooperation and harmony among the stakeholders of the energy sector. However, the energy sector is a sector divided between different legal, institutional, political and economic interests, goals and visions. This creates legal uncertainty, inconsistency, conflict and obstacles to the development of energy infrastructure.

- The development of energy infrastructure is a process with environmental, social and cultural impacts. This process should take into account the rights, interests and needs of people, communities and ecosystems living where energy infrastructure will be built or improved. However, legal regulations regarding the development of energy infrastructure do not adequately prevent, reduce, compensate or balance these impacts [1, p.88]. This creates legal objections, resistance, protests and litigation to the development of energy infrastructure.

Legal opportunities for the development of energy infrastructure can be listed as follows:

- The development of energy infrastructure is a process that encourages the use of renewable energy sources, technologies and applications. This process supports reducing the carbon footprint of the energy sector, increasing energy efficiency, eliminating energy poverty and combating climate change by providing legal incentives, supports, targets and obligations for the development of energy infrastructure.

- The development of energy infrastructure is a process that enables the digitalization, smartening and automation of the energy sector. This process improves the data management, cyber security, blockchain technology and artificial intelligence of the energy sector by providing legal regulations, protections, standards and codes for the development of energy infrastructure [3, p.219].

<strong>The role of international law in the formation of global energy policies</strong>

International law plays a critical role in determining global energy policies and assumes an important regulatory function in the context of the complexity of international relations and the strategic importance of energy resources. In this context, international law emerges as a fundamental tool regulating the use, sharing and management of energy resources in interstate relations. Today, energy is accepted as an integral part of economic development and national security, and this makes it necessary to address energy policies not only with domestic policies but also with international dimensions [6, p.150]. International law includes a set of norms and principles to promote the sustainable use of energy resources, regulate energy trade, control environmental impacts and ensure energy security. In shaping energy policies at the global level, international law lays the foundation for a fair and balanced sharing, considering the limited nature of energy resources and the increasing global demands of energy consumption. In this context, the right to access energy resources is one of the important elements of international law in shaping energy policies. International law aims to ensure a fair and transparent process in resolving energy disputes between states and contributes to the peaceful resolution of conflicts over the use of energy resources. In addition, international law aims to minimize environmental impacts, ensure the sustainability of energy projects and manage risks related to energy security by regulating the responsibilities of companies and states operating in the energy sector. In this context, international law aims to balance the effects of energy projects by considering not only national interests but also global interests in energy policies. International law plays a fundamental regulatory role in determining global energy policies [8, p.267]. The limited nature of energy resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns make international law the main framework of energy policies. In this context, international law remains important as a comprehensive regulatory tool in interstate relations to ensure energy security, resolve conflicts and support the fair and sustainable management of energy resources.

<strong>Conference of the Parties</strong>

The Conference of the Parties (COP) is a key element of international cooperation in the field of environment and sustainable development. It is the highest governing body of various international conventions such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The COP brings together representatives of participating countries to discuss progress made under the conventions and to make decisions aimed at improving their implementation. Conferences are held regularly and provide a platform for negotiations on issues related to global environmental challenges such as climate change, protecting biodiversity and combating desertification. At these meetings, participating countries exchange information on national strategies, achievements and challenges related to the implementation of obligations under the conventions. One of the most famous COPs is the Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP), which annually attracts the attention of the whole world. For example, the 26th session of the COP26, held in Glasgow in 2021, focused on efforts to accelerate action under the Paris Agreement. The COP operates on the basis of rules of procedure that were adopted at the first meeting and can be changed during subsequent sessions. The main tasks of the COP include reviewing progress in the implementation of the conventions, providing advice on preventing and responding to environmental problems, developing a program of work and establishing subsidiary bodies to consider issues related to the implementation of the conventions. Decisions made at the COP have legal force for participating countries and may include the adoption of new protocols, amendments to conventions and even the creation of new international instruments. These decisions play an important role in shaping international environmental and sustainable development policies.

<strong>Conclusion</strong>

In a globalized world, energy security is paramount, intertwining legal frameworks with strategic imperatives. The legal implications are vast, as international laws and bilateral agreements dictate the terms of energy trade, investment protection, and environmental stewardship. Energy security strategies must navigate these legal complexities while ensuring a stable supply of energy. Diversification of energy sources is a key strategy, reducing reliance on any single type or source of energy. This includes a mix of fossil fuels, nuclear power, and a growing emphasis on renewable energy sources. Legal instruments, such as the Energy Charter Treaty, provide a platform for cooperation and dispute resolution among nations, fostering a stable energy trade environment. Investment in renewable energy technologies is not only a strategy for energy security but also a legal necessity, as countries are bound by international commitments like the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The transition to a low-carbon economy requires legal support through subsidies, tax incentives, and regulations that encourage innovation and adoption of clean energy. Infrastructure development is another strategic pillar, necessitating robust legal frameworks to facilitate cross-border pipelines, grids, and supply chains.